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Aberdeen Angus

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"Black Angus" redirects here. For the steakhouse, see Black Angus Steakhouse.

Aberdeen Angus
head-on view of a bull
A bull near Melton Constable, in Norfolk
Conservation status
  • FAO (2007), worldwide: not at risk[1]: 143 
  • DAD-IS (2021): not at risk[2]
  • RBST (2021), overall: UK native breeds[3]
  • RBST (2021), Native type: at risk[3]
Other names
  • Angus
  • Aberdeen-Angus
  • Angus Doddie
  • Buchan Humlie
Country of originUnited Kingdom
Distributionall five inhabited continents
Usebeef
Traits
Weight
  • Male:
    1000 kg[2]
  • Female:
    650 kg[2]
Height
  • Male:
    145 cm[2]
  • Female:
    135 cm[2]
Coatblack or red
Horn statuspolled

The Aberdeen Angus, sometimes simply Angus, is a Scottish breed of small beef cattle. It derives from cattle native to the counties of Aberdeen, Banff, Kincardine and Angus in north-eastern Scotland.[4]: 96  In 2018 the breed accounted for over 17% of the beef production in the United Kingdom.[5]

The Angus is naturally polled and solid black or red;[6] the udder may be white.[citation needed] The cattle have been exported to many countries of the world; there are large populations in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, South America and the United States,[6] where it has developed into two separate and distinct breeds, the American Angus and Red Angus.[4]: 105  In some countries it has been bred to be taller than the native Scottish stock.[6]

Its conservation status worldwide is "not at risk";[1]: 143  in the United Kingdom the original Native Aberdeen Angus – cattle not influenced by cross-breeding with imported stock – is listed by the Rare Breeds Survival Trust as "at risk".[3]

History

[edit]
black-and-white print of a large bull with pendent scrotum
Historic salt print of a bull at an agricultural fair in Paris in 1856

Aberdeen Angus cattle have been recorded in north-eastern Scotland since at least the sixteenth century.[7] For some time before the 1800s, the hornless cattle in Angus were called "Angus Doddies", while those in the historic province of Buchan (later part of Aberdeenshire) were known as "Buchan Humlies",[8]: 12  both "doddie" and "humlie" meaning “polled.”[8]: 36 

In 1824, William McCombie of Tillyfour, later the Member of Parliament for West Aberdeenshire, began to improve the stock and is regarded today as the father of the breed.[9]

The breed was officially recognised in 1835, and was initially registered together with the Galloway in the Polled Herd Book.[4]: 96  A society was formed in 1879.[citation needed] The cattle became commonplace throughout the British Isles in the mid-twentieth century.[10]

Argentina

[edit]

As stated in the fourth volume of the Herd Book of the UK's Angus, this breed was introduced to Argentina in 1879 when "Don Carlos Guerrero" imported one bull and two cows for his Estancia "Charles" located in Juancho, Partido de General Madariaga, Provincia de Buenos Aires. The bull was born on 19 April 1878; named "Virtuoso 1626" and raised by Colonel Ferguson. The cows were named "Aunt Lee 4697" raised by J. James and "Cinderela 4968" raised by R. Walker and were both born in 1878, on 31 January and 23 April respectively.[11]

Australia

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black-and-white photograph of a row of small black bulls, each held on a halter
Judging bulls at the Royal Sydney Easter Show of 1935

Angus cattle were first introduced to Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania) in the 1820s, and to the southern mainland in 1840. The breed is now found in all Australian states and territories with 62000 calves registered with Angus Australia in 2010.[12]

Canada

[edit]

In 1876 William Brown, a professor of agriculture and then superintendent of the experimental farm at Guelph, Ontario, was granted permission by the government of Ontario to purchase Aberdeen Angus cattle for the Ontario Agricultural College. The herd comprised a yearling bull, Gladiolus, and a cow, Eyebright, bred by the Earl of Fife and a cow, Leochel Lass 4th, bred by R.O. Farquharson. On 12 January 1877, Eyebright gave birth to a calf, sired by Sir Wilfrid. It was the first to be born outside of Scotland. The OAC went on to import additional bulls and cows, eventually began selling Aberdeen Angus cattle in 1881.[13]

United States

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On 17 May 1873, George Grant brought four Angus bulls, without any cows, to Victoria, Kansas. These were seen as unusual as the normal American cattle consisted of Shorthorns and Longhorns, and the bulls were used only in crossbreeding. However, the farmers noticed the good qualities of these bulls, and afterwards many more cattle of both sexes were imported.[14]

On 21 November 1883, the American Angus Association was founded in Chicago, Illinois.[15] The first herd book was published in March 1885.[14] At this time both red and black animals were registered without distinction. However, in 1917 the Association barred the registering of red and other coloured animals in an effort to promote a solid black breed.[16]

The Red Angus Association of America was founded in 1954 by breeders of Red Angus cattle. It was formed because the breeders had had their cattle struck off the herd book for not conforming to the changed breed standard regarding colour.[16]

Germany

[edit]
Cow and calf in the Gadental [de], in Vorarlberg in Austria

A separate breed was cross bred in Germany called the German Angus. It is a cross between the Angus and several different cattle such as the German Black Pied Cattle, Gelbvieh, and Fleckvieh. The cattle are usually larger than the Angus and appear in black and red colours.[17]

Characteristics

[edit]
Black cattle grazing on green grass against a misty background
At pasture in West Tullyfergus, near Blairgowrie and Rattray in Perth and Kinross

Because of their native environment, the cattle are very hardy and can survive the Scottish winters, which are often harsh, with snowfall and storms. Cows weigh about 550 kilograms (1,210 lb) and bulls some 850 kilograms (1,870 lb).[18] Calves are usually born smaller than is acceptable for the market, so crossbreeding with dairy cattle is needed for veal production.[18] The cattle are naturally polled and may be either black or red. They reach maturity earlier than some other native British breeds such as the Hereford or North Devon.

The cattle have a large muscle content and are regarded as medium-sized. In Japan the meat is prized for its marbling.[19]

Genetic disorders

[edit]

There are four recessive defects that can affect calves worldwide. A recessive defect occurs when both parents carry a recessive gene that will affect the calf. One in four calves will show the defect even when both parents carry the defective gene. The four recessive defects in the Black Angus breed that are currently managed with DNA tests are arthrogryposis multiplex (AM), referred to as curly calf, which lowers the mobility of joints; neuropathic hydrocephalus (NH), sometimes known as water head, which causes an enlarged malformed skull; contractural arachnodactyly (CA), formerly referred to by the name of "fawn calf syndrome", which reduces mobility in the hips; and dwarfism, which affects the size of calves. Both parents need to carry the genes for a calf to be affected with one of these disorders.[20][21][22] Because of this, the American Angus Association will remove the carrier cattle from the breed in an effort to reduce the number of cases.[23]

Between 2008 and 2010, the American Angus Association reported worldwide recessive genetic disorders in Angus cattle. It has been shown that a small minority of Angus cattle can carry osteoporosis.[24] A further defect called notomelia, a form of polymelia ("many legs"), was reported in the Angus breed in 2010.[25]

Use

[edit]

The Aberdeen Angus cattle is reared for beef. The meat can be marketed as superior due to its marbled appearance. This has led to many markets, including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa and the United Kingdom to adopt it into the mainstream.[19] Angus cattle can also be used in cross-breeding to reduce the likelihood of dystocia (difficult calving) or, because of their dominant polled gene, to produce polled calves.[26]

References

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  1. ^ a b Barbara Rischkowsky, Dafydd Pilling (editors) (2007). List of breeds documented in the Global Databank for Animal Genetic Resources, annex to The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 9789251057629. Archived 23 June 2020.
  2. ^ a b c d e Breed data sheet: Aberdeen-Angus / United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Cattle). Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed September 2021.
  3. ^ a b c Watchlist overview. Kenilworth, Warwickshire: Rare Breeds Survival Trust. Accessed September 2021.
  4. ^ a b c Valerie Porter, Lawrence Alderson, Stephen J.G. Hall, D. Phillip Sponenberg (2016). Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding (sixth edition). Wallingford: CABI. ISBN 9781780647944.
  5. ^ "Aberdeen Angus set to be UK's most popular beef breed". Farming UK. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
  6. ^ a b c Native Aberdeen Angus. Kenilworth, Warwickshire: Rare Breeds Survival Trust. Accessed September 2021.
  7. ^ "Britannic Rare Breeds – Angus Cattle". Britannic Rare Breeds. Archived from the original on 20 June 2015. Retrieved 25 June 2015.
  8. ^ a b James MacDonald, James Sinclair (1910). History of Aberdeen-Angus Cattle. London: Vinton & Company.
  9. ^ "Oklahoma State University Red Angus breed profile".
  10. ^ "The Cattle Site – Angus Breeds". The Cattle Site. Retrieved 25 June 2015.
  11. ^ Historia de la Cabaña Charles de Guerrero, criadora de Angus desde 1879 Archived 8 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  13. ^ "First Herd of Aberdeen-Angus Established by OAC in 1876". Kitchener-Waterloo Record (Microfilm). 6 March 1954. p. 2.
  14. ^ a b Burke, Tom; Kurt Schaff; Rance Long (2004) [2004]. "The Birth of the Breed". Angus Legends: Volume 1. p. 17.
  15. ^ American Angus Association. "Angus History". angus.org. Archived from the original on 24 September 2006. Retrieved 2 October 2006.
  16. ^ a b Red Angus Association of America. "History of Red Angus". redangus.org. Archived from the original on 24 September 2006. Retrieved 2 October 2006.
  17. ^ "German Angus cattle information". Interboves. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
  18. ^ a b Aberdeen Angus (Native). Kenilworth, Warwickshire: Rare Breeds Survival Trust. Archived 30 June 2015.
  19. ^ a b Angus cattle. =New South Wales Agriculture. Archived 24 June 2015.
  20. ^ Denholm, Laurence. "Congenital contractural arachnodactyly ('fawn calf syndrome') in Angus cattle" (PDF). NSW Department of Trade and Investment PrimeFact 1015 May 2010.
  21. ^ Vidler, Adam, Defects on rise as gene pool drains, p. 63, The Land, Rural Press, North Richmond, NSW
  22. ^ Another genetic defect affects Angus cattle Retrieved on 29 May
  23. ^ "American Angus Association". Angus.org. Archived from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
  24. ^ Whitlock, Brian K. "Heritable Birth Defects in Angus Cattle" (PDF). Appliedreprostrategies.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2018. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
  25. ^ "Denholm L et al(2010) Polymelia (supernumerary limbs) in Angus calves".
  26. ^ "Angus". Cattle Today. Archived from the original on 17 October 2006. Retrieved 29 October 2006.
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