8 Flora

8 Flora
Discovery
Discovered by	J.R. Hind
Discovery date	18 October 1847
Designations
MPC designation	(8) Flora
Pronunciation	/ˈflɔːrə/
Named after	Flōra
Minor planet category	Main belt (Flora family)
Adjectives	Florian /ˈflɔːriən/
Symbol	(historical)
Orbital characteristics
	Epoch 17.0 October 2024; (JD 2460600.5)
Aphelion	2.55 AU (381 million km)
Perihelion	1.86 AU (278 million km)
Semi-major axis	2.20 AU (329 million km)
Eccentricity	0.15658
Orbital period (sidereal)	3.27 yr (1192.70 d)
Mean anomaly	78.2°
Inclination	5.890°
Longitude of ascending node	110.85°
Time of perihelion	1 February 2024
Argument of perihelion	285.4°
Earth MOID	0.873 AU (130.6 million km)
Jupiter MOID	2.877 AU (430.4 million km)
TJupiter	3.642
Proper orbital elements
Proper semi-major axis	2.2014 AU
Proper eccentricity	0.1449
Proper inclination	5.574°
Proper mean motion	110.2 deg / yr
Proper orbital period	3.26679 yr; (1193.194 d)
Precession of perihelion	32.017 arcsec / yr
Precession of the ascending node	−35.51 arcsec / yr
Physical characteristics
Dimensions	(154 km × 148 km × 127 km) ± (7 km × 6 km × 4 km); 136 km × 136 km × 113 km; 145 km × 145 km × 120 km
Mean diameter	146±2 km; 128 km; 147.491±1.025 km
Flattening	0.18
Mass	(4.0±1.6)×1018 kg; (6.62±0.84)×1018 kg
Mean density	2.4±1.0 g/cm3; 3.04±1.39 g/cm3
Synodic rotation period	12.865 h (0.5360 d)
Geometric albedo	0.224 (calculated); 0.226±0.041
Spectral type	S
Apparent magnitude	7.9 to 11.6
Absolute magnitude (H)	6.54; 6.61
Angular diameter	0.21" to 0.053"

8 Flora is a large, bright main-belt asteroid. It is the innermost large asteroid: no asteroid closer to the Sun has a diameter above 25 kilometres (20% that of Flora), and not until 20-km 149 Medusa was discovered was an asteroid known to orbit at a closer mean distance.^[8] It is the seventh-brightest asteroid with a mean opposition magnitude of +8.7.^[9] Flora can reach a magnitude of +8.1 at a favorable opposition near perihelion, such as occurred in November 2020 when it was 0.88 AU (132 million km; 340 LD) from Earth.^[10]

Discovery and naming

Flora was discovered by J. R. Hind on 18 October 1847. It was his second asteroid discovery after 7 Iris.^{[citation needed]}

The name Flora was proposed by John Herschel, from Flora, the Latin goddess of flowers and gardens, wife of Zephyrus (the personification of the West wind), and mother of Spring. The Greek equivalent is Chloris, who has her own asteroid, 410 Chloris, but in Greek 8 Flora is also called 8 Chloris (8 Χλωρίς).^{[citation needed]} The old iconic symbol for 8 Flora has been variously rendered as , , etc. It is in the pipeline for Unicode 17.0 as U+1CEC2 𜻂 ().^[11]^[12]

Characteristics

The orbit of 8 Flora compared with the orbits of Earth, Mars and Jupiter

Lightcurve analysis indicates that Flora's pole points towards ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (16°, 160°) with a 10° uncertainty.^[5] This gives an axial tilt of 78°, plus or minus ten degrees.

Flora is the parent body of the Flora family of asteroids, and by far the largest member, comprising about 80% of the total mass of this family. Nevertheless, Flora was almost certainly disrupted by the impact(s) that formed the family, and is probably a gravitational aggregate of most of the pieces.^{[citation needed]}

Flora's spectrum indicates that its surface composition is a mixture of silicate rock (including pyroxene and olivine) and nickel-iron metal. Flora, and the whole Flora family generally, are good candidates for being the parent bodies of the L chondrite meteorites.^[13] This meteorite type comprises 35% of meteorites impacting the Earth.^[14]

Observational history

During an observation on 25 March 1917, 8 Flora was mistaken for the 15th-magnitude star TU Leonis, which led to that star's classification as a U Geminorum cataclysmic variable star.^[15] Flora had come to opposition on 1917 February 13, 40 days earlier.^[15] This mistake was uncovered only in 1995.^[15]^[16]

On 26 July 2013, Flora at magnitude 8.8 occulted the star 2UCAC 22807162 over parts of South America, Africa, and Asia.^[17]

Popular culture

In the 1968 science-fiction film The Green Slime, an orbital perturbation propels the asteroid Flora into a collision course with Earth.

Notes

^ Flattening derived from the maximum aspect ratio (c/a): $f=1-{\frac {c}{a}}$ , where (c/a) = 0.82±0.05.^[3]
^ (3.33±0.42)×10⁻¹² M_☉

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 8 Flora". Retrieved 20 December 2024. 2024-11-09 last obs
^ "AstDyS-2 Flora Synthetic Proper Orbital Elements". Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g P. Vernazza et al. (2021) VLT/SPHERE imaging survey of the largest main-belt asteroids: Final results and synthesis. Astronomy & Astrophysics 54, A56
^ ^a ^b Jim Baer (2008). "Recent Asteroid Mass Determinations". Personal Website. Archived from the original on 2 July 2013. Retrieved 27 November 2008.
^ ^a ^b Torppa, Johanna; Kaasalainen, Mikko; Michalowski, Tadeusz; Kwiatkowski, Tomasz; Kryszczynska, Agnieszka; Denchev, Peter; et al. (August 2003). "Shapes and rotational properties of thirty asteroids from photometric data". Icarus. 164 (2): 346–383. Bibcode:2003Icar..164..346T. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.694.1087. doi:10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00146-5. S2CID 119609765.
^ ^a ^b James Baer, Steven Chesley & Robert Matson (2011) "Astrometric masses of 26 asteroids and observations on asteroid porosity." The Astronomical Journal, Volume 141, Number 5
^ Donald H. Menzel & Jay M. Pasachoff (1983). A Field Guide to the Stars and Planets (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 391. ISBN 0-395-34835-8.
^ Binsel, Richard P.; Gehrels, Tom and Matthews, Mildred Shapley (editors); Asteroids II; published 1989 by University of Arizona Press; pp. 1038-1040. ISBN 0-8165-1123-3
^ "JAS: The Brightest Asteroids". web.archive.org. Archived from the original on 25 August 2011.
^ "Horizons Batch for November 2020". JPL Horizons. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
^ Bala, Gavin Jared; Miller, Kirk (18 September 2023). "Unicode request for historical asteroid symbols" (PDF). unicode.org. Unicode. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
^ Unicode. "Proposed New Characters: The Pipeline". unicode.org. The Unicode Consortium. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
^ Nesvorný, D.; et al. (2002). "The Flora Family: A Case of the Dynamically Dispersed Collisional Swarm?". Icarus. 157 (1): 155–172. Bibcode:2002Icar..157..155N. doi:10.1006/icar.2002.6830.
^ Grady, Monica (2022). "Meteorites". The Catalogue of Meteorites. Natural History Museum. doi:10.5519/tqfuwle7. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c Schmadel, L. D.; Schmeer, P.; Börngen, F. (August 1996). "TU Leonis = (8) Flora: the non-existence of a U Geminorum star". Astron. Astrophys. 312: 496. Bibcode:1996A&A...312..496S.
^ "IAUC 6174".
^ "(8) Flora / 2UCAC 22807162 event on 2013 Jul 26, 00:18 UT". asteroidoccultation.com. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013.

External links

shape model deduced from lightcurve
"Announcement of discovery of Flora", MNRAS 8 (1848) 82
8 Flora at AstDyS-2, Asteroids—Dynamic Site
- Ephemeris · Observation prediction · Orbital info · Proper elements · Observational info
8 Flora at the JPL Small-Body Database
- Close approach · Discovery · Ephemeris · Orbit viewer · Orbit parameters · Physical parameters

[6] Flattening derived from the maximum aspect ratio (c/a): $f=1-{\frac {c}{a}}$ , where (c/a) = 0.82±0.05.^[3]

[7] (3.33±0.42)×10⁻¹² M_☉

[jpldata-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 8 Flora". Retrieved 20 December 2024. 2024-11-09 last obs

[Flora-POE-2] "AstDyS-2 Flora Synthetic Proper Orbital Elements". Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy. Retrieved 1 October 2011.

[VLT-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g P. Vernazza et al. (2021) VLT/SPHERE imaging survey of the largest main-belt asteroids: Final results and synthesis. Astronomy & Astrophysics 54, A56

[Baer-4] Jim Baer (2008). "Recent Asteroid Mass Determinations". Personal Website. Archived from the original on 2 July 2013. Retrieved 27 November 2008.

[Torppa2003-5] Torppa, Johanna; Kaasalainen, Mikko; Michalowski, Tadeusz; Kwiatkowski, Tomasz; Kryszczynska, Agnieszka; Denchev, Peter; et al. (August 2003). "Shapes and rotational properties of thirty asteroids from photometric data". Icarus. 164 (2): 346–383. Bibcode:2003Icar..164..346T. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.694.1087. doi:10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00146-5. S2CID 119609765.

[Baer2011-8] James Baer, Steven Chesley & Robert Matson (2011) "Astrometric masses of 26 asteroids and observations on asteroid porosity." The Astronomical Journal, Volume 141, Number 5

[Pasachoff1983-9] Donald H. Menzel & Jay M. Pasachoff (1983). A Field Guide to the Stars and Planets (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 391. ISBN 0-395-34835-8.

[10] Binsel, Richard P.; Gehrels, Tom and Matthews, Mildred Shapley (editors); Asteroids II; published 1989 by University of Arizona Press; pp. 1038-1040. ISBN 0-8165-1123-3

[11] "JAS: The Brightest Asteroids". web.archive.org. Archived from the original on 25 August 2011.

[Horizons2020-12] "Horizons Batch for November 2020". JPL Horizons. Retrieved 17 November 2022.

[astunicode-13] Bala, Gavin Jared; Miller, Kirk (18 September 2023). "Unicode request for historical asteroid symbols" (PDF). unicode.org. Unicode. Retrieved 26 September 2023.

[pipeline-14] Unicode. "Proposed New Characters: The Pipeline". unicode.org. The Unicode Consortium. Retrieved 6 November 2023.

[Nesvorny-15] Nesvorný, D.; et al. (2002). "The Flora Family: A Case of the Dynamically Dispersed Collisional Swarm?". Icarus. 157 (1): 155–172. Bibcode:2002Icar..157..155N. doi:10.1006/icar.2002.6830.

[nhm-16] Grady, Monica (2022). "Meteorites". The Catalogue of Meteorites. Natural History Museum. doi:10.5519/tqfuwle7. Retrieved 28 May 2020.

[TU_Leonis-17] Schmadel, L. D.; Schmeer, P.; Börngen, F. (August 1996). "TU Leonis = (8) Flora: the non-existence of a U Geminorum star". Astron. Astrophys. 312: 496. Bibcode:1996A&A...312..496S.

[18] "IAUC 6174".

[19] "(8) Flora / 2UCAC 22807162 event on 2013 Jul 26, 00:18 UT". asteroidoccultation.com. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013.

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