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San Fernando, La Union

Coordinates: 16°37′N 120°19′E / 16.62°N 120.32°E / 16.62; 120.32
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

San Fernando
Component city
City of San Fernando
(from top: left to right) Town Plaza, Cathedral of Saint William the Hermit, La Union Provincial Capitol, Manila North Road, Ma-Cho Taoist Temple and San Fernando Skyline
Flag of San Fernando
Flag
Official seal of San Fernando
Seal
Nickname(s): 
Prime Capital of Ilocandia
Botanical Garden City
Map of La Union with San Fernando highlighted
Map of La Union with San Fernando highlighted
OpenStreetMap
Map
San Fernando is located in Philippines
San Fernando
San Fernando
Location within the Philippines
Coordinates: 16°37′N 120°19′E / 16.62°N 120.32°E / 16.62; 120.32
CountryPhilippines
RegionIlocos Region
ProvinceLa Union
District 1st district
FoundedMay 6, 1786
CityhoodMarch 20, 1998
Named forFerdinand III of Castile
Barangays59 (see Barangays)
Government
 [1]
 • TypeSangguniang Panlungsod
 • MayorHermenegildo A. Gualberto
 • Vice MayorAlfredo Pablo R. Ortega
 • RepresentativeFrancisco Paolo P. Ortega V
 • City Council
Members
 • Electorate76,555 voters (2022)
Area
[2]
 • Total
102.72 km2 (39.66 sq mi)
Elevation
101 m (331 ft)
Highest elevation
1,124 m (3,688 ft)
Lowest elevation
0 m (0 ft)
Population
 (2020 census)[3]
 • Total
125,640
 • Density1,200/km2 (3,200/sq mi)
 • Households
32,184
Economy
 • Income class3rd city income class
 • Poverty incidence
5.09
% (2021)[4]
 • RevenueIncrease PHP 1,195,136,008.92 billion (22.11%) (2022)
 • AssetsIncrease PHP 2,661,462,427.51 billion (20.67%) (2022)
 • EquityIncrease PHP 2,241,183,510.80 billion (15.89%) (2022)
 • ExpenditureDecrease PHP 891,095,816.44 million (-7.00%) (2022)
 • LiabilitiesIncrease PHP 420,278,916.71 million (54.63%) (2022)
Service provider
 • ElectricityLa Union Electric Company (LUECO)
Time zoneUTC+8 (PST)
ZIP code
2500
PSGC
013314000
IDD : area code +63 (0)72
Native languagesIlocano
Tagalog
Websitewww.sanfernandocity.gov.ph

San Férnando, officially the City of San Fernando (Ilocano: Siudad ti San Fernando; Filipino: Lungsod ng San Fernando), is a component city and the capital of the province of La Union, Philippines. It is a coastal city consisting of fifty-nine (59) barangays and covers an area of 105.26 square kilometers. According to the 2020 census, the city has a population of 125,642.[3] San Fernando serves as the gateway to trade and commerce to the North and the culture and heritage of Ilocandia.

The City is the regional and administrative capital of Ilocos Region, hosts several regional and field offices of national government agencies, regional branches of government financial institutions, and various government-owned and controlled corporations. The city is home to some of the region’s premier educational and medical institutions, including the Ilocos Training and Regional Medical Center, recognized as the core of public health and medical care in Ilocos Region.

It is one of the two capital cities named San Fernando, the other being San Fernando, Pampanga in Central Luzon.

Etymology

[edit]

The city, formerly known as Pindangan, was renamed on May 6, 1786, by Fr. Fernando Rey, in honor of Ferdinand III of Castile, also known as Saint Ferdinand III of León (San Fernando III de León), a 13th-century king who reigned as King of Castile from 1217, King of León from 1230, and King of Galicia from 1231; he is celebrated for his successful Christian conquest of Seville during the Reconquista and was canonized for his piety, military leadership, and promotion of Christian unity.

History

[edit]

Early History

[edit]
Aerial view of San Fernando, circa 1940s

The early history of the city can be traced back to its initial settlements by the Samtoy (Ilocano) people and a small community of Pangasinan traders who inhabited the coastal shores and riverbanks.[5] In the highland areas, the early inhabitants included the Cordillerans (Igorot), particularly the Kankanaey people. These early communities were animist-pagan believers and were renowned for their farming, hunting and seafaring skills.[6]

According to historian William Henry Scott, the coastal area of the Ilocos region, including the city, served as a significant hub for gold trading with the Cordilleran (Igorot) people from the highlands.[6] The settlers also engaged in trade with neighboring communities, such as the Pangasinan, Sambal and Tagalog peoples, as well as with foreign traders from Maritime Southeast Asia, China (particularly from Fujian during the Ming Dynasty), and Japan.[7] Japanese traders later established a trading port in Aroo (modern-day Agoo), a northern section of Caboloan a pre-colonial polity in Pangasinan.[8]

Commonly traded goods included gold, jewelry, earthen jars (burnay), silk, rice, cotton, beeswax, honey, wine (basi), metals, and ceramics or porcelain.[6]

Spanish Regime

[edit]
Main article: Spanish Colonization in the Philippines
Spanish Conquistador Juan de Salcedo

In June 1572, Spanish conquistador Juan de Salcedo arrived in the area now known as San Fernando, following his successful pacification of native and Japanese settlers in Aroo or Agoho (present-day Agoo). Salcedo designated the settlement as "El Puerto de Japon" due to its significance as a Japanese trading post. Upon reaching San Fernando, he encountered the indigenous inhabitants and demanded tribute on behalf of the Spanish Crown.[9] The locals requested time to gather the tribute from the mountains but failed to return. Salcedo then continued his journey, sailing and exploring northward until he established Vigan as the administrative center of Spanish governance and influence in Northern Luzon. This development marked the beginning of efforts to convert the local population to Christianity.[8]

By 1759, the early settlements of San Fernando consisted of two barrios established by Augustinians friars: San Guillermo de Dalangdang, situated at the foothills of the Cordillera mountains, and San Vicente de Balanac, a coastal village. San Guillermo often became a target of headhunting by the Igorots during the blooming of flowering trees, as such acts were believed to appease their deities.[10] Meanwhile, during the calm summer months, San Vicente de Balanac suffered raids by Tirongs and Moro pirates, who abducted women and children and left widespread destruction.[9]

Blooming Narra Tree

In response to these relentless attacks, Father Jose Torres, an Augustinian friar, encouraged the remaining populations of San Guillermo de Dalangdang and San Vicente de Balanac to unite for their mutual protection.[10] In 1762, they established a new settlement called Pindangan, named after the Iloco term pindang, meaning "to dry fish or meat." The name "Pindangan" reflected the area's role as a site for fish-drying activities. A large church was constructed in the settlement, serving as its central landmark. However, the church was later destroyed by a devastating earthquake.[9]

In 1764, Don Santiago Olarte was appointed as the first gobernadorcillo of Pindangan, a position equivalent to that of a modern-day mayor. Following the destruction of the original church by an earthquake, the Franciscans decided not to rebuild it in its original location.[10] Instead, during the rainy season, they relocated the church to a more suitable site. This structure eventually became known as the Cathedral of St. William the Hermit, now part of the Diocese of San Fernando, La Union.[9]

During the administration of Governor-General José Basco in 1785, San Fernando was placed under the territorial jurisdiction of Pangasinan province. This reorganization was part of Basco's broader efforts to improve governance and economic productivity in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period.[8]

On May 6, 1786, Pindangan was officially renamed and established as the "Ministerio de San Fernando" by Fr. Fernando Rey, in honor of King Ferdinand of Spain. However, from 1792 to 1831, a shortage of priests led to San Fernando becoming a visita (a mission station) of the nearby towns of Bauang and San Juan. It was only in 1831 that Fr. Juan Sorolla, who had served as the parish priest of Bauang since 1829, was assigned to San Fernando, further cementing its religious and administrative significance.[10]

San Fernando as the Cabecera

[edit]

On October 29, 1849, Governor-General Narciso Zaldua Clavería issued a promovido that unified eight northern towns of Pangasinan, three southern towns of Ilocos Sur located south of the Amburayan River, and eight western settlements of the Eastern País del Igorotes in the Cordilleras to form the province of La Union. Subsequently, on March 2, 1850, Governor-General Antonio María Blanco signed the Superior Decreto, officially establishing La Union and designating San Fernando as its capital, or cabecera. Captain Toribio Ruiz de la Escalera was appointed as the first Gobernador Militar y Político.

The creation of La Union was officially ratified by a Royal Decree issued by Queen Isabella II of Spain on April 18, 1854. By the late 19th century, the migration of settlers from the Ilocos provinces resulted in San Fernando becoming predominantly inhabited by Ilocanos, alongside Ilocanized Pangasinenses and Kankanai.

Philippine Revolution (1896-1998)

[edit]
Main article: Philippine Revolution

On September 10, 1896, shortly after the Cry of Pugad Lawin, a significant event unfolded in San Fernando when Spanish authorities uncovered a conspiracy against the colonial government. Leading the crackdown was Fray Rafael Redondo, the Vicar Forane of San Fernando, who acted swiftly against suspected revolutionaries.[9] Among the first arrested was Dr. Lucino Almeida, a respected community figure targeted for his alleged involvement in the revolutionary movement, which had gained momentum following the events of Pugad Lawin and the increasing influence of the Katipunan, led by Andrés Bonifacio.

On September 17, 1896, three native coadjutor priests from La Union, including Padre Mariano Gaerlan of San Fernando, were tortured for their alleged participation in a conspiracy against the Spanish colonial government, deepening the people's resentment toward Spanish rule.[10]

Gen. Manuel Tinio, who led the Philippine revolution in La Union

The Philippine Revolution erupted in 1898, sparking a nationwide movement for independence. On July 22, 1898, Filipino insurgents, led by General Manuel Tinio, General Mauro Ortiz, and Major Joaquin Alejandrino, attacked the Spanish garrison in San Fernando with over 600 men. The Spanish, commanded by Colonel Jose Garcia Herrero, fortified key buildings and awaited reinforcements. Despite Tinio's attempts at peaceful negotiation, the Spanish forces refused to surrender.[9] After several days of deadlock, Tinio launched an assault on July 31, resulting in a fierce battle that culminated in the Spaniards' surrender. This event marked the signing of the Actas de Capitulaciones (Acts of Surrender). San Fernando became the 13th of 29 towns and cities to witness the Spanish capitulation, with 400 soldiers, eight officers, and substantial military resources surrendering. After a century of Spanish colonization, San Fernando was finally liberated, and for the first time since its founding on March 2, 1850, a Filipino assumed authority over the Casa Real.[9]

American Regime (1899-1901)

[edit]
Main article: Americans in the Philippines

After the Spanish-American War of 1898, the Philippines was ceded to the United States under the Treaty of Paris, marking the beginning of American colonization. Following the Philippine-American War (1899–1902), San Fernando, La Union, became a focal point of military conflicts as American forces sought to gain control. The town witnessed significant abuses, including forced relocations, killings, and property destruction, which only deepened the people's resentment and fueled resistance. Despite this, San Fernando eventually came under American administration, leading to significant political, economic, and social transformations.[9]

One notable military event was the naval bombardment by American forces. This occurred as General Gregorio del Pilar led a rear-guard action to cover General Emilio Aguinaldo's retreat. However, Aguinaldo and his soldiers were eventually captured. After these events, peace and order were restored, and the American democratic form of governance replaced the oppressive Spanish colonial rule. The people of San Fernando, like many others in the Philippines, took advantage of the opportunities the Americans introduced, both politically and economically, leading to the town's progress.[9]

On August 1, 1899, a U.S. merchant ship, the “Saturmus”, attempted to dock in San Fernando but was captured by revolutionary forces. Following this, the U.S. Navy retaliated on August 7, bombarding San Fernando and reducing much of the town to ruins. In November of that same year, President Emilio Aguinaldo passed through La Union, while on November 21, General Samuel Baldwin Marks Young led the U.S. Expeditionary Forces to occupy San Fernando, marking the official start of American occupation in La Union.[10]

Provincial Capitol of La Union, built during the American colonial period

By May 1, 1901, the surrender of the General Manuel Tinio Brigade signaled the end of the Philippine-American War in La Union. Later that year, on August 14, Governor General William Howard Taft arrived at San Fernando Harbor, greeted by Don Joaquin Ortega and other local officials. Taft's visit marked the introduction of American civil governance in the province. Just days later, on August 17, Don Joaquin Ortega was declared the first Civil Governor of La Union.[10]

Under American rule, agriculture and education thrived, with the introduction of American teachers playing a crucial role in these developments. Despite the progress made under the new government, the era was not without tragedy on November 8, 1901, Colonel Juan M. Gutierrez, a native of La Union, became the last top-ranking Filipino officer publicly hanged by the Americans in San Fernando. The American regime brought a new era of political and social change to San Fernando, replacing Spanish rule with democratic ideals while fostering significant economic development, though at the cost of local resistance and loss.[10]

World War II

[edit]

In the Second World War, the last battle of San Fernando was fought during the Japanese occupation at Barangay Bacsil. The Bacsil Ridge Monument was built on the site in the city, the north-eastern portion of the town plaza. The victory enabled the establishment of the United States Army Base, Base M at Poro Point (a buildup area for the Japan invasion) and a US Navy Base.[11] The town was liberated in 1945.[12]

The Battle of Bacsil Ridge

[edit]

The Battle of Bacsil Ridge which was fought in March 1945 was one of the main battles of the Philippines Campaign of the Second World War between the Filipino soldiers under the 121st Infantry Regiment, Philippine Commonwealth Army, USAFIP-NL, under the command of Russell W. Volckmann, and the Japanese Imperial forces under General Tomoyuki Yamashita.[13]

Vicinity of the NHCP Historical Marker for the Battle of San Fernando
The Monument of the Tomb of the Unknown Soldiers

The Battle of Bacsil Ridge ended the month-long battle for control of San Fernando. The Japanese defenders called the Hayashi Detachment, composed of 3,000 armed troops and 2,000 unarmed support forces, took hold of San Fernando and its surrounding areas and denied entry to the port of the city and a road leading to Baguio. As part of the San Fernando-Bacsil Operations, the 1st Battalion of 121st Infantry were sent to loosen the enemy positions starting late February with the assistance of the Allied Air Force.

The 1st Battalion made a general attack to the ridge on March 16, 1945 and fought the Japanese defenders until the capture of Bacsil on March 19. On the same day, the 3rd battalion captured Reservoir Hill. The Battle of Bacsil Ridge between the Filipino guerrillas and the Japanese Forces resulted in the recapture of the city of San Fernando, La Union. which resulted in the capture of San Fernando, La Union on March 23, 1945, and Bacnotan, La Union and the military offensive throughout the province ended on March 24 after two months of fighting.[14]

Martial Law Era

[edit]
Main articles: Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos and Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship
Bantayog ng mga Bayani including Armando Palabay

Although Ilocanos are perceived to have been largely silent about the authoritarian practices of Ferdinand Marcos' administration,[15][16] there were still San Fernando residents willing to express their objections its various abuses.[17] This included San Fernando-raised student activists Romulo and Armando Palabay, UP Students and La Union National High School alumni who were imprisoned for their protest activities in San Fernando, tortured at Camp Olivas in Pampanga, and later separately killed before the end of Martial Law.[18][19] The respective martyrdoms of Romulo (age 22) and Armando (age 21) were later honored when their names were etched on the Wall of Remembrance at the Philippines’ Bantayog ng mga Bayani, which honors the heroes and martyrs who fought the authoritarian regime.[17]

Cityhood

[edit]
Main article: Cities of the Philippines

On May 14, 1996, the Sangguniang Bayan of San Fernando passed Resolution No. 20, formally requesting the House of Representatives and Congress of the Philippines to convert the Municipality of San Fernando into a Component City. At that time, San Fernando had fulfilled the fundamental requirements for cityhood in accordance with the provisions of the Local Government Code of 1991. According to a certification from the Bureau of Local Government Finance, the municipality's average annual income for the calendar years 1994 and 1995, based on 1991 constant prices, was P 44,351,821.66. Additionally, the Land Management Bureau of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources certified that San Fernando covered a total land area of 10,526 hectares, exceeding the minimum requirement of 10,000 hectares.

Following a thorough review and careful assessment of the Sangguniang Bayan of San Fernando's petition, the Sangguniang Panlalawigan of La Union adopted Resolution No. 425-96, endorsing the cityhood bid to the House of Representatives and Congress.

House Bill 7594, titled "An Act Converting the Municipality of San Fernando, La Union into a Component City to be Known as the City of San Fernando," was sponsored by Congressman Victor F. Ortega (1st District, La Union) and approved by the House of Representatives. The Senate subsequently approved the bill, sponsored by Senators Vicente Sotto III and Juan Flavier. On February 13, 1998, Republic Act 8509 was signed into law by President Fidel V. Ramos. Finally, on March 20, 1998, the residents of San Fernando overwhelmingly voted in favor of the law during a plebiscite, fulfilling the long-held aspiration for San Fernando to attain cityhood.[20]

Geography

[edit]
Cliff at Poro Point Freeport Zone

The City of San Fernando is located in the province of La Union, Philippines, and is situated near the central part of the province. It lies between the South China Sea to the west and the foothills of the Cordillera Central mountain range to the east. The city has a total land area of 10,272 hectares (25,380 acres).

The city's topography is characterized by predominantly hilly terrain that gradually rises eastward from the coastal plains. It is traversed by several rivers and creeks, including the Carlatan and Catbangen rivers. The landscape also features scrublands, grasslands, wetlands, and is in proximity to seven mountains. San Fernando is bordered to the north by the municipality of San Juan, to the south by Bauang along the Pagdalagan River, to the east by Bagulin along the Balili River, and to the southeast by Naguilian.[21]

San Fernando is located approximately 269 kilometers (167 miles) from Metro Manila.

Barangays

[edit]

The city of San Fernando is divided into 59 barangays, which are organized into 12 districts. [22] These barangays include 14 coastal, 31 inland, and 14 upland areas, and are further categorized into 34 rural and 25 urban barangays.[23]

  • Abut
  • Apaleng
  • Bacsil
  • Bangbangolan
  • Bangcusay
  • Barangay I (Poblacion)
  • Barangay II (Poblacion)
  • Barangay III (Poblacion)
  • Barangay IV (Poblacion)
  • Baraoas
  • Bato
  • Biday
  • Birunget
  • Bungro
  • Cabaroan (Negro)
  • Cabarsican
  • Cadaclan
  • Calabugao
  • Camansi
  • Canaoay
  • Carlatan
  • Catbangen
  • Dallangayan Este
  • Dallangayan Oeste
  • Dalumpinas Este
  • Dalumpinas Oeste
  • Ilocanos Norte
  • Ilocanos Sur
  • Langcuas
  • Lingsat
  • Madayegdeg
  • Mameltac
  • Masicong
  • Nagyubuyuban
  • Namtutan
  • Narra Este
  • Narra Oeste
  • Pacpaco
  • Pagdalagan
  • Pagdaraoan
  • Pagudpud
  • Pao Norte
  • Pao Sur
  • Parian
  • Pias
  • Poro
  • Puspus
  • Sacyud
  • Sagayad
  • San Agustin
  • San Francisco
  • San Vicente
  • Santiago Norte
  • Santiago Sur
  • Saoay
  • Sevilla
  • Siboan-Otong
  • Tanqui
  • Tanquigan

Climate

[edit]

The City has a Type I climate, characterized by distinct dry and wet seasons. The wet season typically commences in mid-May and concludes at the end of October, while the dry season occurs from December to early May.

Climate data for San Fernando City, La Union
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 31
(88) 		31
(88) 		33
(91) 		33
(91) 		32
(90) 		31
(88) 		30
(86) 		30
(86) 		30
(86) 		31
(88) 		31
(88) 		31
(88) 		31
(88)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 21
(70) 		22
(72) 		23
(73) 		25
(77) 		26
(79) 		26
(79) 		26
(79) 		26
(79) 		25
(77) 		24
(75) 		23
(73) 		22
(72) 		24
(75)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 42
(1.7) 		48
(1.9) 		74
(2.9) 		110
(4.3) 		269
(10.6) 		275
(10.8) 		362
(14.3) 		325
(12.8) 		330
(13.0) 		306
(12.0) 		126
(5.0) 		61
(2.4) 		2,328
(91.7)
Average rainy days 11.2 12.0 17.1 21.2 27.1 26.8 28.1 27.0 26.0 24.5 17.7 12.4 251.1
Source: Meteoblue (modeled/calculated data, not measured locally)[24]

Demographics

[edit]
Population census of San Fernando
YearPop.±% p.a.
1903 16,095—    
1918 19,881+1.42%
1939 23,366+0.77%
1948 28,742+2.33%
1960 37,836+2.32%
1970 52,597+3.34%
1975 61,166+3.07%
1980 68,410+2.26%
1990 84,949+2.19%
1995 91,943+1.49%
2000 102,082+2.27%
2007 114,813+1.63%
2010 114,963+0.05%
2015 121,812+1.11%
2020 125,640+0.61%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[25][26][27][28]

The City of San Fernando population is recorded at 125,640 as according to the 2020 census conducted by the Philippine Statistics Authority with an annual growth rate of 0.65% observed from 2015 to 2020. This figure represents 15.28% of the overall population of La Union and 2.37% of the total population of the Ilocos Region. As a result, the population density is calculated to be 1,223 individuals per square kilometer (or 3,168 individuals per square mile). The barangay with the highest population is Sevilla, housing 11,316 residents, followed by Catbangen with 9,638, Lingsat with 7,528, and Poro with 6,797 individuals.

The gender distribution in the city is nearly equal, with males accounting for 49.9% (62,134) of the population and females comprising 50.1% (62,360). In terms of age distribution, 25% of the population (31,088 individuals) is aged 0–14 years, while 67.4% (83,971 individuals) falls within the working-age category of 15–64 years. Senior citizens aged 65 and above represent 8% (9,435 individuals) of the total population. The population pyramid reflects a balanced gender distribution, predominantly featuring individuals within the working-age group.[29]

Cathedral of Saint William the Hermit
Ma-Cho Temple (Taoist Temple)

Religiously, the city is predominantly Christian, with Roman Catholicism as the most widely practiced faith, followed by Iglesia ni Cristo. The city also accommodates a variety of other religious affiliations, including Jehovah’s Witnesses, the Pentecostal Church of God Asia Mission, the Bible Baptist Church, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Islam, the United Church of Christ in the Philippines, and the Seventh-day Adventist Church.[21]

According to the Philippine Statistics Authority's 2010 report, the city has a literacy rate of 1.85%, based on the total population of individuals who are currently studying in the City of San Fernando but have not completed any grade level.[21]

In the 2022 elections, the City of San Fernando had 76,555 registered voters, as reported by the Commission on Elections. The principal language spoken in the city is Iloco, which serves as its official language; however, smaller communities also communicate in Tagalog, Kankanaey, Pangasinan, Bago, English and Bisayan. Additionally, the highland barangays are home to a small community of Indigenous Peoples, specifically the Kankanaey.

Economy

[edit]
Cornfield in Langcuas supports agricultural growth
City Proper serves as a commercial and trade hub
Fishing site in Ilocanos Sur boosts local economy

The City of San Fernando maintains a primarily agricultural economy, with key crops including rice, legumes, leafy vegetables, root crops, fruit trees, corn, and tobacco. Fishing activities along the coastline provide an additional source of income for many residents. The agricultural output of San Fernando illustrates diverse levels of food sufficiency, with rice at 31.91%, corn at 47%, root crops at 87.73%, legumes at 106.75%, fruits at 60.49%, and vegetables at 127.55%. Livestock production is also significant, yielding reported quantities of 3,584kg of hogs, 2,266kg of cattle, 1,545 kg of carabaos, 2,060kg of goats, and a notable 21,644 chickens.[21]

Regarding economic activity, San Fernando City is home to 9,129 registered businesses.[21] The financial sector is bolstered by 47 banking institutions, which encompass universal, commercial, thrift, rural, and microfinance banks, as documented by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) in 2018. The financial statements of the city government for the same year reflect a revenue of Php. 778,822,666.43 and expenditures amounting to Php. 608,973,969.57.[21]

Poro Point Freeport Zone in the City of San Fernando, La Union
San Fernando Domectic Airport

The infrastructure in the city is well-developed, featuring a road network that extends 237.42km, along with one domestic airport San Fernando Airport and one international seaport. All barangays in the city have access to electricity, and a single water district provides essential services to the community. Telecommunications are facilitated by four mobile service providers.[21]

In the sectors of health and education, San Fernando has established a comprehensive network of 292 health facilities, which includes one public hospital and four private hospitals includes; Ilocos Training and Regional Medical Center, Lorma Medical Center, La Union Medical Diagnostic Center and Hospital, Inc. and Bethany Hospital, in addition to 79 public clinics and 203 private clinics.

The city prioritizes education, hosting a total of 11 universities and colleges such as the Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University, along with various public and private educational institutions at different levels: 16 secondary schools, 18 elementary schools, 26 preschools, and 64 public day care centers. These facilities exemplify the city’s commitment to improving the quality of life for its residents through accessible health and education services.[21]

Poverty incidence of San Fernando

2.5
5
7.5
10
12.5
15
2006
14.40
2009
14.96
2012
3.81
2015
3.82
2018
1.27
2021
5.09

Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]

Government

[edit]

Local Government

[edit]
Main article: Sangguniang Panglungsod
City Hall, The government building for administrative and public services.

San Fernando, part of the first congressional district of the province of La Union, is governed by a mayor who serves as the local chief executive, alongside a city council composed of 12 councilors. The city council, known as the Sangguniang Panlungsod, reviews and enacts ordinances and resolutions. It operates in accordance with the Local Government Code, which also provides for regular and ex-officio members. The mayor, vice mayor, and councilors are directly elected by the residents through an at-large voting system held every three years with supervision of Commission on Election.[38]

The mayor and other city officials hold office at the San Fernando City Hall, while the Sangguniang Panlungsod convenes in the Don Mariano Marcos Building, located adjacent to the city hall.

Each 59 barangay, the smallest political unit of the city, is governed by a set of elected officials, including a Punong Barangay (Barangay Captain) and a Sangguniang Barangay (Barangay Councils) composed of councilors. Additionally, the youth are represented by the Sangguniang Kabataan, which elected by voters aged 15 to 30 years old, is the ex officio eighth member is led by a chairman and its own council. Like other local officials, barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan officials are elected every three years.

Elected officials

[edit]
Members of the San Fernando City Council
(2022-2025) [39]
Position Name
District Representative
(1st Legislative District of the Province of La Union) 		Francisco Paolo P. Ortega V
Chief Executive of the City of San Fernando Mayor Hermenegildo A. Gualberto
Presiding Officer of the City Council of San Fernando Vice Mayor Alfred Pablo R. Ortega
Members of the City Council Kyle Marie Eufrosito Y. Nisce
Pablo C. Ortega
Lucia Esperanza O. Valero
Jonathan Justo A. Orros
Edwin H. Yumul
Janwell E. Pacio
Rodolfo M. Abat
Arnel A. Almazan
Aldrine R. Jucar
John H. Orros
Mark Anthony A. Ducusin
Quintin L. Balcita Jr.

List of chief executives

[edit]
  • 1895–1898 — Paulino Alviar
  • 1899–1901 — Blas Tadiar
  • 1901–1903 — Urbano Martínez
  • 1904–1905 — Edilberto Aquino
  • 1906–1907 — Francisco Z. Flores
  • 1908–1909 — Angel Salanga
  • 1910–1911 — José Hidalgo
  • 1912–1914 — Anastacio Casuga
  • 1915–1918 — Juan Salanga
  • 1919–1921 — Ulpiano Flores
  • 1922–1928 — Pedro R. Flores
  • 1928 — Francisco Galvez
  • 1928–1930 — Evaristo Galvez
  • 1931–1933 — Gaspar Flores
  • 1934–1936 — Lauro Casuga
  • 1936–1939 — Paulino Flores
  • 1942–1944 — Juan Salanga
  • 1945–1946 — Modesto Aquino
  • 1946–1955 — Lorenzo L. Dacanay
  • 1956–1959 — Godofredo G. Rilloraza
  • 1960–1971 — Lorenzo L. Dacanay
  • 1972–1980 — Antonio Feraren
  • 1980 — Joaquin T. Ortega
  • 1980–1987 — Justo O. Orros Jr.
  • 1987 — Rufo T. Colisao
  • 1987–1988 — Angel Salanga
  • 1988–1998 — Manuel C. Ortega
  • 1998–2007 — Mary Jane C. Ortega
  • 2007–2016 — Pablo C. Ortega
  • 2016–Present — Hermenegildo A. Gualberto

Annual Community Events

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The City of San Fernando, like many other regions in the Philippines, celebrates its festivities with great enthusiasm. The city's annual fiesta takes place from January 28 to February 15, featuring a trade fair near the city hall. Additional celebrations occur in March to commemorate its cityhood.[40]

  • Pindangan Festival: Held annually during the cityhood anniversary, this festival features a street dance competition showcasing three significant socio-historical elements of the city's identity: the Pindangan Ruins, the merging of two historical settlements that formed the town, and the traditional fish preservation technique known as "pindang." Participants are categorized into groups from primary, secondary, and tertiary schools, as well as contingents from barangays and districts.[41]
  • Commemoration of Bacsil Ridge: This event honors the heroism displayed during the recapture of Bacsil during World War II. On March 19, 1945, the 121st Infantry of USAFIP defeated Japanese forces, leading to the liberation of Bacsil Ridge. Three days later, the town of San Fernando was freed.
  • Ma-tzu Festival: A unique religious celebration blending Chinese and Roman Catholic traditions, this festival honors Ma-tzu, the Chinese goddess of the sea, and the Virgin of Caysasay, who is revered by the Filipino-Chinese community as the reincarnation of Ma-tzu. Ma-tzu is believed to provide protection and guidance to fishermen and sailors.
  • Rabii ti Pammadyaw: This event recognizes outstanding individuals who have brought honor to the city through excellence in their respective fields.
  • Grand People’s Parade: Also known as the Parade of Lights, this parade takes place along the city's major thoroughfares. Participants include drum and lyre groups, beauty pageant contestants, and others. Awards are given for the best float, costume, and choreography.
  • Fiesta ti Baybay: A sea craft competition paired with traditional games like "palosebo" and "Laro ng Lahi." In 2023, this event was held in Barangay Ilocanos Sur.[42]

Tourism

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Thunderbird Resorts and Casinos Poro Point
Ma-Cho Temple (Taoist Temple)
Poro Point Lighthouse
Pagoda Temple
Cathedral Parish of Saint William the Hermit Church

The City of San Fernando offers a diverse array of attractions, including pristine beaches, scenic waterfalls, historical sites dating back centuries, churches and temples, leisure parks, shopping malls, and numerous renowned hotels and restaurants, all of which contribute to its appeal as a premier tourist destination.

  • Poro Point
  • The La Union Botanical Garden (8 kilometers from the city) – is a 10 hectare garden (Barangay Cadaclan), the home of various species of rare plants and a sanctuary of wild animals.
  • Battle of Bacsil Ridge Marker
  • Pindangan Ruins (Barangay Parian)
  • Hobbitat Forest Park
  • Poro Point Baywalk (Barangay Poro)
  • Seven Hills
    • Capitol Hill (Barangay II) home of the Provincial Capitol
    • Pagoda Hill also known as Filipino-Chinese Friendship Park or Chinese Pagoda (Barangay II)
    • Heroes’ Hill & Freedom Park Stairway (153 steps) located at the eastern portion of Capitol Hill
    • Bethany Hill (Barangay II)
    • Mirador Hill (Barangay II)
    • Mariner's Hill (Barangay Catbangen)
    • Miracle Hill (Barangay Pagdaraoan)
  • Christ the Redeemer (25-foot statue, Reservoir Hill, Barangay I)
  • Poro Point Lighthouse
  • Moro Watch Tower (Barangay Carlatan)
  • La Union Science Centrum & Museum (LUSCM has 5 Galleries: Kadaklan Burial Site and Environmental Gallery, Museum, Dark Room, Main Science Gallery and Portable Planetarium (Barangay Cadaclan)
  • Ma-Cho Temple
  • Tomb of Unknown Soldier (Barangay Madayegdeg)
  • Cathedral of St. William the Hermit (Barangay II, Poblacion)[2]
  • Kasay Marine Sanctuary: 30 hectares MPA, featuring the 50 years old Giant clam or Tridacna gigas (Barangay Canaoay)
  • Children's Park (Barangay II, City Plaza)
  • 10.6 hectares Engineered Sanitary Landfill (Barangay Mameltac)[43]
  • La Union Trade Center (beside the City Hall)

Notable Personalities

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Sister cities

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[edit]
  • City Hall along Francisco Ortega Highway
    City Hall along Francisco Ortega Highway
  • Town Plaza along Quezon Avenue
    Town Plaza along Quezon Avenue
  • Pagoda Temple along Aguila Road
    Pagoda Temple along Aguila Road
  • City Footbridge along Gen. Luna Street
    City Footbridge along Gen. Luna Street
  • The City Skyline
    The City Skyline
  • City Town Plaza
    City Town Plaza
  • Ma-Cho Temple tower
    Ma-Cho Temple tower
  • Tomb of the Unknown Soldiers
    Tomb of the Unknown Soldiers
  • G.E. Antonio Memorial Hall along Gen. Luna Street
    G.E. Antonio Memorial Hall along Gen. Luna Street

References

[edit]
  1. ^  City of San Fernando | (DILG)
  2. ^ "2015 Census of Population, Report No. 3 – Population, Land Area, and Population Density" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. Quezon City, Philippines. August 2016. ISSN 0117-1453. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 25, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2021.
  3. ^ a b Census of Population (2020). "Region I (Ilocos Region)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved July 8, 2021.
  4. ^ "PSA Releases the 2021 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates". Philippine Statistics Authority. April 2, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
  5. ^ de los Reyes, Isabelo (1890). History of Ilocos. University of the Philippines Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-971-542-729-6.
  6. ^ a b c Scott, William Henry (1974). The Discovery of the Igorots. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. p. 58. ISBN 9711000873.
  7. ^ Scott, William Henry (1983). "Filipinos in China before 1500" (PDF). Asian Studies. 21: 1–19.
  8. ^ a b c Mendoza-Cortes, Rosario (1974). Pangasinan, 1572-1800. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i "About CSF - City Government of San Fernando, La Union". csflu_launion website. Retrieved September 26, 2024.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h "History - City of San Fernando - Provincial Government of La Union". launion.gov.ph website. Retrieved September 24, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  11. ^ "Battle of San Fernando Marker in San Fernando (La Union)". localphilippines.com. Archived from the original on June 2, 2014. Retrieved October 4, 2016.
  12. ^ "History". Official Website of San Fernando, La Union. Archived from the original on January 27, 2015. Retrieved October 4, 2016.
  13. ^ Volckmann, R., 1954, We Remained, New York:W.W.Norton & Company, Inc., ISBN 9780393350227
  14. ^ "Battle of Bacsil Ridge - PVAO". Retrieved September 29, 2021.
  15. ^ "From 1987: 'A Damaged Culture' in the Philippines - The Atlantic". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on October 28, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
  16. ^ Manila Today. Mula Sigwa hanggang Commune hanggang EDSA: mga kabataangmartir at bayani ng UP.2016-01-27 https://manilatoday.net/fqs-martyrs/
  17. ^ a b Burgonio, TJ Museum puts a face on little-known martial law martyrs Philippine Daily Inquirer September 21, 2008 https://barangayrp.wordpress.com/2008/09/21/museum-puts-a-face-on-little-known-martial-law-martyrs/
  18. ^ "PALABAY, Armando D. – Bantayog ng mga Bayani". bantayog.org. January 18, 2017. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
  19. ^ Armando Palabay (YouTube Video). Commission on Human Rights of the Philippines. Archived from the original on December 12, 2021.
  20. ^ "Republic Act No. 8509 – An Act Converting the Municipality of San Fernando, La Union, Into a Component City To Be Known As the City of San Fernando". Chan Robles Virtual Law Library. February 13, 1998. Retrieved October 4, 2016.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h City Government of San Fernando, La Union. "About CSF | City Government of San Fernando, La Union".
  22. ^ "Province: La Union". PSGC Interactive. Quezon City, Philippines: Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
  23. ^ "Barangays & Districts". sanfernandocity.gov.ph. Retrieved December 12, 2024.
  24. ^ "San Fernando: Average Temperatures and Rainfall". Meteoblue. Retrieved April 26, 2020.
  25. ^ Census of Population (2015). "Region I (Ilocos Region)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
  26. ^ Census of Population and Housing (2010). "Region I (Ilocos Region)" (PDF). Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. National Statistics Office. Retrieved June 29, 2016.
  27. ^ Censuses of Population (1903–2007). "Region I (Ilocos Region)". Table 1. Population Enumerated in Various Censuses by Province/Highly Urbanized City: 1903 to 2007. National Statistics Office.
  28. ^ "Province of La Union". Municipality Population Data. Local Water Utilities Administration Research Division. Retrieved December 17, 2016.
  29. ^ "San Fernando (City, Philippines) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location". citypopulation.de. Retrieved October 11, 2024.
  30. ^ "Poverty incidence (PI):". Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
  31. ^ "Estimation of Local Poverty in the Philippines" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. November 29, 2005.
  32. ^ "2003 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. March 23, 2009.
  33. ^ "City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates; 2006 and 2009" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. August 3, 2012.
  34. ^ "2012 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. May 31, 2016.
  35. ^ "Municipal and City Level Small Area Poverty Estimates; 2009, 2012 and 2015". Philippine Statistics Authority. July 10, 2019.
  36. ^ "PSA Releases the 2018 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates". Philippine Statistics Authority. December 15, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
  37. ^ "PSA Releases the 2021 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates". Philippine Statistics Authority. April 2, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
  38. ^ "Republic Act No. 7166 | Senate Electoral Tribunal". Retrieved December 30, 2024.
  39. ^ San Fernando City Council
  40. ^ Flores, Anne Hazel F. (July 6, 2010). "City celebrates feast of St. William the Hermit". Official Website of San Fernando, La Union. Archived from the original on January 28, 2011. Retrieved December 11, 2012.
  41. ^ Madrid, Myla B. (July 6, 2010). "Pindangan Festival 2010". Official Website of San Fernando, La Union. Archived from the original on October 19, 2010. Retrieved December 11, 2012.
  42. ^ Editors, The (March 21, 2023). "San Fernando Cityhood Anniversary". FESTIVALSCAPE. Retrieved October 4, 2024. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  43. ^ "Tourist Attractions". Official Website of San Fernando, La Union. Archived from the original on May 1, 2012. Retrieved December 11, 2012.
[edit]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for San Fernando, La Union.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to San Fernando, La Union.
Wikisource has the text of a 1905 New International Encyclopedia article about "San Fernando, La Union".
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