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M-10 (Michigan highway)

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This article is about a Michigan state trunkline highway numbered M-10. For the U.S. Highway, see U.S. Route 10 in Michigan.

M-10 marker
M-10
Map
M-10 highlighted in red
Route information
Maintained by MDOT
Length22.881 mi[1] (36.823 km)
Existed1986–present
Major junctions
South end M-3 / BS I-375 in Detroit
Major intersections
North endOrchard Lake Road in West Bloomfield Township
Location
CountryUnited States
StateMichigan
CountiesWayne, Oakland
Highway system
←
Bus. US 10		→ M-11
← M-4M-4→ M-5

M-10 is a state trunkline highway in the Metro Detroit area of Michigan in the United States. Nominally labeled north-south, the route follows a northwest-southeast alignment. The southernmost portion follows Jefferson Avenue in downtown Detroit, and the southern terminus is at the intersection of Jefferson and M-3 (Randolph Street) next to the entrance to the Detroit–Windsor Tunnel. The northern terminus is in West Bloomfield Township at the intersection with Orchard Lake Road. The highway has several names as it runs through residential and commercial areas of the west side of Detroit and into the suburb of Southfield. It is called the John C. Lodge Freeway (The Lodge), James Couzens Highway, and Northwestern Highway. One segment has also been named the Aretha Franklin Memorial Highway.

M-10 was built in segments through the late 1950s and early 1960s. It carried several different names before the entire route was finally officially named the John C. Lodge Freeway in 1987. The freeway has carried a few other highway designations. The southern segment was part of US Highway 12 (US 12) and the whole road was later renumbered Business Spur Interstate 696 (BS I-696). From 1970 until 1986, it was part of US 10, and the freeway has been M-10 since. The non-freeway segment that runs between I-696 in Southfield and Orchard Lake Road was previously numbered M-4. M-10 was named after John C. Lodge, an influential Detroiter and Mayor of Detroit from 1927–28.

Route description

[edit]

Running about 22.8 miles (36.7 km) in the Metro Detroit area, M-10 runs roughly northwest–southeast from Downtown Detroit into the northern suburbs in Oakland County.[2] The entire length of the highway is listed as a part of the National Highway System,[3] a system of roads importance to the nation's economy, defense and mobility.[4] As a state trunkline highway, the roadway is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT), and it includes approximately 18.5 miles (29.8 km) of freeway.[1] M-10 has six lanes from Detroit to Inkster Road in Farmington Hills, where it drops to four; a few segments have eight lanes for short distances between interchanges.[5] According to the department, 28,964 vehicles use M-10 on average near on Jefferson Avenue in Detroit, and 139,800 vehicles do so between US 24 (Telegraph Road) and Lahser Road in Southfield, the lowest and highest traffic counts along the highway in 2013, respectively.[6]

Detroit

[edit]
M-10 passing under Cobo Center (now Huntington Place) in 2007

M-10 starts at the corner of Jefferson Avenue and Randolph Street in Downtown Detroit, an intersection that also marks the southern end of M-3 and the western end of Business Spur I-375. This intersection is also the access to the Detroit–Windsor Tunnel between the Renaissance Center and the Old Mariners' Church. From here, M-10 runs west-southwesterly parallel to the Detroit River on Jefferson Avenue past Hart Plaza. At the intersection with Woodward Avenue, M-10 transitions onto the John C. Lodge Freeway, which runs under Huntington Place, home of the North American International Auto Show each January. The freeway turns north-northwesterly and away from the Detroit River next to the former site of Joe Louis Arena. North of this curve, M-10 forms the boundary between Downtown Detroit to the east and the Corktown neighborhood to the west. The freeway has a pair of service drives as it leaves the commercial areas near the MGM Grand Detroit and the interchange with I-75 (Fisher Freeway).[2][5]

North of I-75, M-10 forms the border between North Corktown (west) and Midtown Detroit (east). The freeway passes the MotorCity Casino at the interchange with Grand River Avenue. The rest of its route in this part of the city passes through residential zones. Near the interchange with I-94 (Edsel Ford Freeway), M-10 passes the campus of Wayne State University.[2][5] M-10 intersects I-94 at the first freeway-to-freeway interchange in the United States.[7] North of I-94, the Lodge Freeway is the border between the West Side and New Center. This area is residential on either side of the freeway north of the campus of the Henry Ford Hospital. North of Clairmount Avenue, M-10 curves to the northwest before resuming its north-northwesterly course near Chicago Boulevard. North of Webb Avenue, the freeway follows the western city limits of Highland Park, an enclave within the city of Detroit. M-10 intersects M-8 where it transitions between Davison Avenue and the Davison Freeway on the western edge of Highland Park before the Lodge Freeway curves around to run due west.[2][5]

M-10 runs for about two miles (3.2 km) on this due westward course before it intersects Wyoming Avenue and turns northwest. The frontage roads change names from John C. Lodge Service Drive to James Couzens Freeway at the Wyoming Avenue interchange. The freeway continues for another 3+1⁄2 miles (5.6 km) with interchanges for local streets in this part of Detroit, including 7 Mile Road. At the interchange with M-102 (8 Mile Road), the freeway crosses out of Detroit and Wayne County into Southfield in Oakland County.[2][5]

Oakland County

[edit]
Looking southbound

The service drives change names again to Northwestern Highway upon crossing into Oakland County. The east side of M-10 is flanked by the former Northland Shopping Center and a campus of Oakland Community College; the west side is residential. About 1+1⁄4 miles (2.0 km) into Southfield, M-10 intersects the northern end of M-39 (Southfield Freeway) and 9 Mile Road. The adjacent properties are mostly residential, but there are some commercial areas centered around the various Mile Roads, such as the campus of Lawrence Technological University at 10 Mile Road.[2][5] Near Lahser and 11 Mile roads, M-10 meets I-696 (Reuther Freeway) and US 24 (Telegraph Road) in a complex interchange called the Mixing Bowl.[8] This interchange spans over two miles (3.2 km) near the American Center. The carriageways for I-696 run in the median of M-10 while partial interchanges connect to Lahser and Franklin roads on either end of the various ramps that connect to I-696 and US 24.[2][5]

Northwest of this interchange, M-10 transitions to a boulevard with Michigan lefts. Called just Northwestern Highway, M-10 runs through suburban residential areas of Southfield. At the intersection with Inkster Road, the highway clips the southwest corner of the city of Franklin and enters the northeastern corner of Farmington Hills. The roadway is lined with commercial properties while just behind them are residential subdivisions and two golf courses. At the intersection with 14 Mile Road, Northwestern Highway crosses into West Bloomfield Township, and 1⁄4 mile (0.40 km) further on, the highway ends at Orchard Lake Road.[2][5]

History

[edit]

Previous designations

[edit]
M-10 marker
M-10
Route information
Maintained by MDOT
Existedc. July 1, 1919[9]–November 11, 1926[10]
Location
CountryUnited States
StateMichigan
Highway system

In 1919, the state numbered its highways for the first time.[11] In the initial allocation of numbers, M-10 was assigned to a highway that started at the Ohio state line south of Monroe, ran northeasterly along Telegraph Road into Dearborn and turned easterly into Detroit. From there, the highway turned north along Woodward Avenue through Pontiac and Dixie Highway through Flint and Saginaw to Bay City. Then M-10 ran along the Saginaw Bay to Standish and turned to follow the Lake Huron shoreline, with some substantial deviations inland. The highway generally followed the lakeshore as far north as Alpena and Rogers City, and from there, M-10 ran due west through Onaway before turning north into Cheboygan. The last section of M-10 followed the Lake Huron shoreline to Mackinaw City, where it terminated.[9] This designation lasted until November 11, 1926, when the United States Numbered Highway System was created.[12] In Michigan's initial allocation of highways, four new designations replaced M-10: US 24 from the state line north to Dearborn, US 112 between Dearborn and Detroit, US 10 from Detroit to Saginaw, and US 23 from Saginaw to Mackinaw City.[10] At the time, no M-10 designation was reassigned to any other roads.[13]

M-10 marker
M-10
Route information
Maintained by MDOT
Length14.767 mi[1] (23.765 km)
Existed1929[14][15]–1941[16][17]
Location
CountryUnited States
StateMichigan
Highway system

The second iteration of M-10 was designated in 1929 on a much shorter segment of the original M-10 through the Flint area, serving as a business connection for the city as the through route, US 10, bypassed it on the east.[14][15] It was later redesignated as Business US 10 (Bus. US 10) in 1941,[16][17] and then as Bus. M-54 in 1962[18][19] before being turned back to local control in 1974.[20][21]

Current designation

[edit]

During the 1950s, the Lodge Freeway was proposed to run from Detroit as far as the Fenton–Clio Expressway (US 23) at Fenton[22] and was to play a significant role in the city’s greater plan for urban renewal. Ardent supporters of freeway construction, such as Mayor Albert Cobo, argued that improved access to the city's downtown from the suburbs and outer residential areas would allow for the easy transportation of goods, services, and workers, ultimately bolstering the city's economy. The Lodge Freeway portion carved through mostly white, upper middle class neighborhoods of central and northwestern Detroit as well as economically distressed white areas closer to downtown and the western edge of Detroit's Chinese neighborhood. Although Detroit city planners were careful to not disrupt middle-class White residential areas in construction, they showed little concern for Black neighborhoods, especially those that stood in the way of the main thoroughfare into downtown, which were small. In fact, the destruction of Black communities in many cases was seen to be positive, "a handy device for razing slums".[23] The first three-mile (4.8 km) stretch of the Lodge Freeway leveled large portions of the densely populated Lower West Side, the increasingly Black area bordering Twelfth Street, and a 15-block area of mixed Black and Jewish bordering Highland Park.[23] The construction of the freeway partitioned communities in half and by 1950, 423 single family residences, 109 businesses, 22 manufacturing plants, and 93 vacant lots had been condemned. By 1958, from its terminus in downtown Detroit to Wyoming Ave (about seven miles [11 km]), 2,222 more buildings had been destroyed.[24]

The interchange with the Edsel Ford Freeway, next to Wayne State University, occasionally called the Ford–Lodge interchange, was built in 1953; it was the first full freeway-to-freeway interchange built in the United States.[25] Engineers at the time rejected the conventional design to connect two freeways, the cloverleaf as too hazardous, instead initially preferring a rotary interchange. Such a design would only accommodate 3,000 vehicles per hour, far less than what the Michigan engineers anticipated,[26] so the design was changed to a full interchange, with ramps on both the right and left sides of the roadways. This "right-to-go-right-left-to-go-left" design was considered progressive for its time.[27] The interchange, which cost $15.3 million (equivalent to $136 million in 2023[28]) to build[29] and used 14 bridges to complete its connections,[30] was heralded as an engineering marvel. The interchange opened in stages during 1955.[31] At the time, The Detroit News reported that the rush of traffic created "a haze of concrete dust" as traffic passed through,[29] but by the next day, the interchange was the site of traffic jams and head-on collisions because of bad design, according to the Detroit Free Press.[31]

The freeway was dedicated on November 7, 1957,[32] and opened without any state trunkline designation between downtown and the Wyoming Curve.[33] The section from the Edsel Ford Freeway (now I-94) into downtown Detroit was designated as US 12 by the middle of 1960.[34]

Between September 5 and December 5, 1961, the Lodge Freeway's partial interchange with Greenlawn Avenue was closed on a 90-day trial basis, due to concerns from local citizens over an exit leading directly into a residential area.[35][36] When the trial basis expired, the Detroit Streets and Traffic Commission ruled to keep the ramps permanently closed.[37]

Business Spur Interstate 696 marker
Business Spur Interstate 696
Route information
Maintained by MDOT
Length17.538 mi[1] (28.225 km)
Existed1962[38][39]–1970[40][41]
Location
CountryUnited States
StateMichigan
Highway system

The freeway was then redesignated Business Spur I-696 (BS I-696) in 1962,[38][39] and the next year the freeway was extended northwesterly along James Couzens Highway and Northwestern Highway into Southfield,[39][42] connecting with the completed first phase of I-696 that opened in 1963-64.[43] That designation remained until 1970 when US 10 was shifted off Woodward Avenue to follow the Lodge Freeway between downtown Detroit and Telegraph Road, replacing the BS I-696 designation.[40][41]

M-4 marker
M-4
Route information
Maintained by MDOT
Length4.687 mi[1] (7.543 km)
Existed1979[44][45]–1986[46][47]
Location
CountryUnited States
StateMichigan
Highway system

An extension to the Northwestern Highway was again proposed in 1966 to connect with the proposed I-275 extension.[48] The I-275 project was then cancelled in 1977.[49] The section of Northwestern Highway under state control between the West Bloomfield Township–Farmington Hills border into Southfield was numbered M-4 in 1979.[44][45]

The Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) petitioned the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials in the mid-1980s to truncate US 10 to Bay City. The request was approved on October 11, 1985,[50] and the signage was changed the next year. After the change, the Lodge Freeway was redesignated M-10. The non-freeway Northwestern Highway, until then designated M-4, was also renumbered as M-10. The southernmost portion of the Lodge Freeway was also initially redesignated as a portion of BS I-375 from I-75 south.[46][47] By the next year however, the southern end of M-10 was moved to the corner of Jefferson and Randolph, placing all of the Lodge Freeway as part of M-10.[47][51]

From 2006 to 2007, the Lodge underwent major reconstruction to ease traffic congestion in the metro area, temporarily closing down much of the freeway.[52] The $133 million project (equivalent to $188 million in 2023[28]) included concrete pavement reconstruction and rehabilitation, new barrier walls, repairs or replacements to 50 bridges, upgrades to 22 ramps, utility upgrades, and replacement of freeway signs between Lahser Road in Southfield and Jefferson Avenue in Detroit.[53]

Memorial highway names

[edit]
Portrait of James J. Couzens
Portrait of John C. Lodge
Portrait of Aretha Franklin
James J. Couzens (left), John C. Lodge (center), and Aretha Franklin (right) have been namesakes for parts of M-10 in Detroit

Starting in 1924, officials in southeastern Michigan proposed building a highway from Detroit to run northwesterly across the state to Ludington, bisecting the angle created by Woodward and Grand River avenues. This roadway was named Northwestern Highway when it was built in 1929 to an endpoint at 14 Mile Road. Further construction on Northwestern Highway was halted by the Great Depression.[54]

The freeway segment northwest of Wyoming Avenue to the county line was previously known as James Couzens Highway after the street it replaced. That street was named after the death of James J. Couzens. Couzens was a former Commissioner of Detroit's Department of Street Railways from 1913 through 1915, after which he served as Police Commissioner from 1916 until 1918. He was Mayor of Detroit from 1919 until 1922 and United States Senator from Michigan from 1922 until his death on October 22, 1936. During his years of public service, he is said not to have accepted a salary, giving it all to charity. After his death, Detroit renamed its section of Northwestern Highway after Couzens.[54]

John C. Lodge was a member of the constitutional convention which drafted the Michigan Constitution of 1908, a former member of the Michigan Legislature and Detroit alderman and councilman. He later served as Mayor of Detroit in 1918–1919 before returned to the City Common Council from 1932 to 1947. He was then elected to the Wayne County Board of Supervisors from 1948 until 1950. In total, he held elective office longer than anyone in city history. He died on February 6, 1950, and the future Lodge Freeway was named in his honor on January 20, 1953.[54] The entire freeway, including segments previously named for James Couzens and the Northwestern Highway was named the John C. Lodge Freeway in 1987, although the service drives retained their original names.[55]

In 2019, the section between Livernois and I-94 was named the Aretha Franklin Memorial Highway after Detroit native Aretha Franklin.[56] The singer, who died the previous year, got her start in Detroit singing at a local church before embarking on a six-decade career that earned her 18 Grammy awards. She was the first woman to be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987 and received the National Medal of Arts (1999), the Kennedy Center Honors (1994) and the Presidential Medal of Freedom (2005).[57] Franklin was also an activist in the Civil Rights Movement.[58]

Exit list

[edit]
CountyLocationmi[1]kmExitDestinationsNotes
WayneDetroit0.0000.000Jefferson Avenue east (BS I-375 north)

 M-3 north (Randolph Street)
Detroit–Windsor Tunnel – Canada		Southern termini of M-10, M-3 and unsigned BS I-375; Jefferson Avenue continues east as unsigned BS I-375
0.590–
0.722		0.950–
1.162		1BLarned Street – DowntownSouthern end of freeway; southbound left exit and northbound entrance
1AWest Jefferson Avenue – Joe Louis ArenaLeft exit northbound; no northbound entrance; to Joe Louis Parking Center and Riverfront Apartments
1.1311.8201CHoward Street – DowntownSouthbound exit and northbound entrance
1.5332.4672BBagley AvenueSouthbound left exit and northbound left entrance
1.7752.857—Vernor HighwayInterchange removed for construction of I-75 interchange[59]
1.7752.8572A I-75 (Fisher Freeway) – Flint, ToledoExit 49 on I-75; includes direct southbound exit and northbound, southbound entrance ramps for Trumbull Avenue; ramps to I-75 southbound also directly connect to I-96
2.0523.3022C M-5 (Grand River Avenue)Southbound exit and northbound entrance
2.9194.6983Forest Avenue, Warren Avenue
3.1275.0324 I-94 (Edsel Ford Freeway) – Port Huron, ChicagoSigned as exits 4A (east) and 4B (west); exit 215 on I-94
3.7376.0144CMilwaukee Avenue, West Grand BoulevardSouthbound signed as West Grand Boulevard only
4.3326.9725APallister AvenueSouthbound exit and northbound entrance
4.7517.6465BClairmount AvenueNorthbound exit and southbound entrance
5.3918.6765CHamilton Avenue, Chicago BoulevardHamilton Avenue signed northbound only
5.6529.0966AWebb AvenueNo southbound exit
6.0519.7386BElmhurst AvenueSouthbound exit only
6.1949.9687AGlendale AvenueNorthbound exit and southbound entrance
Detroit–Highland Park city line6.406–
6.777		10.309–
10.907		7 M-8 (Davison Freeway)Signed as exits 7B (east) and 7C (west) northbound and 7B (east) southbound; no access from southbound M-10 to westbound M-8 or eastbound M-8 to northbound M-10
Detroit7.45311.9948Linwood Avenue
8.10713.0479Livernois Avenue
7.57112.184—Greenlawn AvenueFormer northbound exit and southbound entrance; ramps closed 1961[36]
9.14614.71910Wyoming Avenue
9.86815.88111Meyers Road, McNichols RoadNorthbound exit and southbound entrance
11.33718.245127 Mile Road
Wayne–Oakland
county line		Detroit–Southfield city line12.87220.71513 M-102 (8 Mile Road) / Greenfield Avenue8 Mile Road is the city and county line
OaklandSouthfield13.81722.236149 Mile Road, Northland CenterSigned as exits 14A (Northland) and 14B (9 Mile Road); complete access to Northland Center, no entrances from 9 Mile Road; 14B exit is north of 14C southbound; 14A and 14B ramps are combined northbound
14.31023.03014C
 M-39 south (Southfield Freeway)
Southfield Road		Exit 16 on M-39; signed as Southfield Road northbound only; directional access (northbound to northbound or southbound to southbound) only; northern terminus of M-39
15.62925.15215Evergreen Road, 10 Mile Road
16.78727.01616Lahser RoadNorthbound access to eastbound I-696
17.53828.22517
 I-696 east (Reuther Freeway) – Port Huron		Exit 10 on I-696; southbound left exit and northbound entrance
18.19429.28018 US 24 (Telegraph Road) – Dearborn, PontiacSigned as exits 18A (north) and 18B (south); I-696 is located in the median of M-10
18.56229.87318C
 I-696 west (Reuther Freeway) – Lansing		Exit 8 on I-696; northbound left exit and southbound entrance; north end of freeway
West Bloomfield Township22.88136.823Orchard Lake Road northNorthern terminus
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f Michigan Department of Transportation (2021). Next Generation PR Finder (Map). Michigan Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 11, 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Michigan Department of Transportation (2014). Pure Michigan: State Transportation Map (Map). c. 1:158,400. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. Detroit Area inset. §§ C8–F11. OCLC 42778335, 900162490.
  3. ^ Michigan Department of Transportation (2005). National Highway System: Detroit Urbanized Area (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 7, 2008.
  4. ^ Natzke, Stefan; Neathery, Mike & Adderly, Kevin (August 26, 2010). "What is the National Highway System?". National Highway System. Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Google (April 10, 2015). "Overview Map of M-10" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved April 10, 2015.
  6. ^ Bureau of Transportation Planning (2008). "Traffic Monitoring Information System". Michigan Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 16, 2015.
  7. ^ Naber, MaryAnn (November 1, 2006). "Final List of Nationally and Exceptionally Significant Features of the Federal Interstate Highway System". Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
  8. ^ Staff (Summer 2007). "MITA Presents Michigan Construction Quality Partnership Awards" (PDF). Cross-Section. Michigan Infrastructure and Transportation Association. p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 24, 2013. Retrieved August 30, 2012.
  9. ^ a b Michigan State Highway Department (July 1, 1919). State of Michigan (Map). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. Lower Peninsula sheet. OCLC 15607244. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
  10. ^ a b Bureau of Public Roads & American Association of State Highway Officials (November 11, 1926). United States System of Highways Adopted for Uniform Marking by the American Association of State Highway Officials (Map). 1:7,000,000. Washington, DC: United States Geological Survey. OCLC 32889555. Retrieved November 7, 2013 – via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. ^ "Michigan May Do Well Following Wisconsin's Road Marking System". The Grand Rapids Press. September 20, 1919. p. 10. OCLC 9975013.
  12. ^ McNichol, Dan (2006). The Roads that Built America. New York: Sterling. p. 74. ISBN 1-4027-3468-9.
  13. ^ Michigan State Highway Department (December 1, 1926). Official Highway Condition Map (Map). [c. 1:823,680]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department.
  14. ^ a b Michigan State Highway Department (May 1, 1929). Official Highway Service Map (Map). [c. 1:810,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. OCLC 12701195, 79754957.
  15. ^ a b Michigan State Highway Department & H.M. Gousha (January 1, 1930). Official Highway Service Map (Map). [c. 1:810,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. OCLC 12701195, 79754957.
  16. ^ a b Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (March 21, 1941). Official Michigan Highway Map (Map) (Spring ed.). [c. 1:850,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § K12. OCLC 12701143.
  17. ^ a b Michigan State Highway Department & Rand McNally (July 1, 1941). Official Michigan Highway Map (Map) (Summer ed.). [c. 1:850,000]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. § K12. OCLC 12701143. Archived from the original on April 22, 2017. Retrieved January 2, 2017 – via Archives of Michigan.
  18. ^ Michigan State Highway Department (1962). Official Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ K12–L12. OCLC 12701120, 173191490. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
  19. ^ Michigan State Highway Department (1963). Official Highway Map (Map). [c. 1:918,720]. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. §§ K12–L12. OCLC 12701120. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
  20. ^ Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation (1974). Michigan, Great Lake State: Official Transportation Map (Map). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation. § K12. OCLC 12701177, 83138602. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
  21. ^ Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation (1975). Michigan, Great Lake State: Official Transportation Map (Map). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation. § K12. OCLC 12701177, 320798754. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
  22. ^ Greenwood, Tom (January 28, 1999). "M-5 'Haggerty Connector' Work to Be Done by 2001". The Detroit News.
  23. ^ a b Sugrue, Thomas (1996). The Origins of the Urban Crisis. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-691-16255-3. OL 7757444M.
  24. ^ Sugrue (1996), p. 48.
  25. ^ Naber, MaryAnn (November 1, 2006). "Final List of Nationally and Exceptionally Significant Features of the Federal Interstate Highway System". Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved February 27, 2007.
  26. ^ Michigan Department of Transportation (n.d.). "I-94 EB / I-94 Ramp to M-10". Michigan Department of Transportation. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
  27. ^ Ramo-Wooldridge (January 29, 1960). Ford–Lodge Interchange Ramp Study (Report). Canoga Park, California: Ramo-Wooldridge. OCLC 14095338.[page needed]
  28. ^ a b Johnston, Louis & Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved November 30, 2023. United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the MeasuringWorth series.
  29. ^ a b Michigan Department of Transportation (n.d.). "Holden Ave. Walk / M-10". Michigan Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
  30. ^ Michigan State Highway Department (October 1955). The Edsel Ford and John C. Lodge Expressways, Detroit. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. OCLC 56935275.[page needed]
  31. ^ a b Schmitt, Ben (September 24, 2004). "Freeway Marvel of 1955". Detroit Free Press. pp. 1B, 2B. ISSN 1055-2758. OCLC 474189830. Retrieved May 27, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  32. ^ John C. Lodge Expressway Dedication Committee (1957). John C. Lodge Expressway Dedication Program (Pamphlet). Detroit: John C. Lodge Expressway Dedication Committee. OCLC 34869718.
  33. ^ Michigan State Highway Department (1958). Official Highway Map (Map). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. Detroit inset. OCLC 12701120, 51856742. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center. (Includes all changes through July 1, 1958)
  34. ^ Michigan State Highway Department (1960). Official Highway Map (Map). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. Detroit inset. OCLC 12701120, 81552576. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center. (Includes all changes through July 1, 1960)
  35. ^ "2 Greenlawn Xway Ramps to Be Closed". Detroit Free Press. September 3, 1961. p. A3. ISSN 1055-2758. OCLC 474189830. Retrieved July 10, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  36. ^ a b Sudomier, William (September 24, 1961). "Ah, Wondrous Peace! Greenlawn Residents Hope It Lasts Forever". Detroit Free Press. p. A3. Retrieved July 10, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  37. ^ "Greenlawn Ramps Will Stay Closed". Detroit Free Press. December 2, 1961. p. A3. ISSN 1055-2758. OCLC 474189830. Retrieved July 10, 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  38. ^ a b Michigan State Highway Department (1962). Official Highway Map (Map). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. Detroit inset. OCLC 12701120, 173191490. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
  39. ^ a b c Michigan State Highway Department (1963). Official Highway Map (Map). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. Detroit inset. OCLC 12701120. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
  40. ^ a b Michigan Department of State Highways (1970). Michigan, Great Lake State: Official Highway Map (Map). c. 1:158,400. Lansing: Michigan Department of State Highways. Detroit and Vicinity inset. §§ A6–E9. OCLC 12701120.
  41. ^ a b Michigan Department of State Highways (1971). Michigan, Great Lake State: Official Highway Map (Map). c. 1:158,400. Lansing: Michigan Department of State Highways. Detroit and Vicinity inset. §§ A6–E9. OCLC 12701120, 77960415.
  42. ^ Michigan State Highway Department (1964). Official Highway Map (Map). Scale not given. Lansing: Michigan State Highway Department. Detroit inset. OCLC 12701120, 81213707. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
  43. ^ Brown, Warren (February 4, 1990). "Home of the American Auto Finds Reuther Freeway a Mixed Blessing". The Washington Post. p. H2. ISSN 0740-5421. Archived from the original on January 31, 2013. Retrieved July 13, 2012.
  44. ^ a b Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation (1979). Michigan, Great Lake State: Official Transportation Map (Map) (1978–1979 ed.). c. 1:158,400. Lansing: Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation. Detroit and Vicinity inset. §§ C5–C6. OCLC 12701177. Retrieved October 17, 2019 – via Michigan History Center.
  45. ^ a b Michigan Department of Transportation (1980). Michigan, Great Lake State: Official Transportation Map (Map) (1980–1981 ed.). c. 1:158,400. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. Detroit and Vicinity inset. §§ C2–C3. OCLC 12701177, 606211521.
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  48. ^ Route Location Division (1966). Proposed Northwestern Highway from Telegraph Road to I-275 Extension, Oakland County, Control Section 63082, Length 9.7 Miles (Report). Lansing: Michigan Department of State Highways. OCLC 15364441.
  49. ^ Stuart, Reginald A. (January 27, 1977). "Michigan Drops $69-Million Road". The New York Times. p. 18. ISSN 0362-4331.
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  55. ^ Brennecke, Caitlin (n.d.). "John C. Lodge Freeway". Encyclopedia of Detroit. Retrieved April 12, 2015.
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  57. ^ Aswad, Jem (July 10, 2019). "Detroit Freeway to Be Named After Aretha Franklin". Variety. Retrieved August 5, 2019.
  58. ^ Jayyousi, Maryam (July 9, 2019). "Stretch of Lodge Freeway Named 'Aretha Franklin Memorial Highway'". Metro Times. Detroit. Retrieved August 5, 2019.
  59. ^ Shell; H. M. Gousha Company (1963). "Metropolitan Detroit and Vicinity" (Map). Street Guide and Metropolitan Map of Detroit. 1:158,400. Chicago: H. M. Gousha Company. Downtown Detroit inset. § G10.
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